Stm32World Wiki - User contributions [en]

Kirchoff's Law

2026-06-19T11:59:42Z

Lth:

[[Category:Electronics]]{{metadesc|Kirchoff's Law explanation}}
[[File:KCL_-_Kirchhoff's_circuit_laws.svg|thumb|250px|Kirchoff's circuit law]]
[[Kirchoff's Law]]s refer to a number of observations made by a German scientist named Gustav Kirchoff.
{{clear}}

This can be illustrated with [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html?ctz=CQAgjCAMB0l3BWcMBMcUHYMGZIA4UA2ATmIxAUgoqoQFMBaMMAKACcLCqU89OrsCFFBqR2IDJAAsIHn0kzBw2nHF4pfOSHV8lIymIBuIKRpB7Tm3iKpTaNqNAQsA7ibNbLs-FFf9vfAhcsna+boShaPLSAWESMVHxMiihYm4Y6rE6sWnaHj7ZKVS5QQJC-tiZuQrm5TWVMrnZes1Vfl5S2MJeemLYkiZ43D5Cmj7YNu35fBrDfCU8saU5LP20wVJghP5SEeaTa0kmW0e7igcD2ZvbV3sTxX7Lduu2J9Uxz6dvfldweTPfNxPPZPYjbXIdLruGZguI1KSw+F7aqZBE3MxouJXWG3RosAAOtWEXTKxMy9xEYHg1L8ehJRJWbj0iS8iVydPJ5Ux7K5sI6sL6A1GJj5QxF2wpuQitkRHwFqyFGG2iUIKVikoVVAwaFiSrGukmQOCiQQSsZIFVyR80vNNUS2rmcMI+okmTZPw8oUK1neyVCdp9j2NoWWWiaZga-xMf195ky8JjQYEmSeibc-O2Z3FcWFmNB4KT2Zt3L88MRqPl6b2mNm2bEhOIpnMzpAjcUMUlyGpqjchR8bfNA8SA9weLcI5bA5L46bmOxBaAA this] simulation:
<div class="res-img">
[[File:Kirchoff.svg|600px]]
</div>

File:Kirchoff.svg

2026-06-19T11:58:48Z

Lth: Lth uploaded a new version of File:Kirchoff.svg

File uploaded with MsUpload

555 Voltage controlled PWM

2026-06-19T02:25:21Z

Lth:

[[Category:Electronics]]

<div class="res-img">
[[File:555 Voltage controlled PWM.png|800px]]
</div>

Run simulation [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html?ctz=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 here]

555 Voltage controlled PWM

2026-06-19T02:24:19Z

Lth: Created page with "Category:Electronics <div class="res-img"> 800px </div>"

[[Category:Electronics]]

<div class="res-img">
[[File:555 Voltage controlled PWM.png|800px]]
</div>

File:555 Voltage controlled PWM.png

2026-06-19T02:23:54Z

Lth: File uploaded with MsUpload

File uploaded with MsUpload

Circuits

2026-06-18T10:01:20Z

Lth:

[[Category:Electronics]]

[[File:Ohm's Law with Voltage source TeX.svg|300px|thumb|Simple circuit consisting of a Voltage source and a resistor.]]
A battery on it's own is a voltage source, however, if nothing is connected between the + and -, no current will flow.

The simplest circuit one can imagine consist of a voltage source and a resistor.

<div class="res-img">
[[File:Simple circuit.png|600px]]
</div>

You can play with this circuit in [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html CircuitJS] by clicking [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html?ctz=CQAgjCAMB0l3BWcMBMcUHYMGZIA4UA2ATmIxAUgoqoQFMBaMMAKADcQAWOCsFLnpzCEoo7tSqToCFgCde-BHwVdhosPBYB3AVSEjuVbHk5RtukMdNL+VszpuWTK-fZWOPnU5HOGKXi0cfbAw9PFoAzmxFAOxRHx0-BEjo-29fcLT3AJ8AB0s0LlTovWIROMlkeE1EnjsSp3SdBvrCqP4EgtLywuSmrqyknJYAey4QQm8BUglYFCQqflNsFmNwEAAxCCoIDXgQJhAAJToAZwBLU4AXAEMAOwBjOlW8US3RBkLCw4A1EYAbW4Ac2eQA here]

In any circuit, there exists a fixed relationship between the voltage, the resistance and the current. This is expressed by Ohm's Law, which states:

<pre>
U = R x I
</pre>

It is worth noticing that U is being used for a potential difference in most of mainland Europe, whereas the colonists prefer a V:

<syntaxhighlight lang="C">
V = R x I
</syntaxhighlight>

Main Page

2026-06-18T08:58:28Z

Lth:

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Main Page/Welcome

2026-06-18T08:57:50Z

Lth:

Welcome to the [[Main Page|STM32World Wiki]]!

The [[Main Page|STM32World Wiki]] was created by [[User:Lth|Lars Bøgild Thomsen]] to serve as the ultimate go-to reference for information about [[STM32]] [[MCU]] development, both in terms of hardware/pcb design and C programming. Please '''join us on Discord''': [https://discord.gg/VQ99T6WUAk https://discord.gg/VQ99T6WUAk] or support us on [https://patreon.com/STM32World Patreon]. If you want to '''sponsor''' the channel, please check [[Sponsor]]s.

While originally intended to be [[STM32]] specific, sections have been added (or will be added) covering other topics. Currently sections have been added for [[Raspberry Pi Pico]] ([[ARM]] and [[RISC-V]] cores), [[RISC-V]] and [[FPGA]]s.

{{#ask: [[Category:STM32 Tutorial Video||STM32 Bare Metal Video||STM32 Rant Video||STM32 Short Video||STM32 Basics Video||STM32 Miscellaneous Video||KiCAD Video||Streamline Video||Colibri Video||RP Pico Video||STM32 Remake Video||Electronics Video]]
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Electronics Video

2026-06-18T08:57:03Z

Lth: Redirected page to Electronics Videos

#REDIRECT [[Electronics Videos]]

Electronics for Embedded Developers

2026-06-18T08:56:36Z

Lth: Created page with "{{Video |series=Electronics Video |number=1 |title=Electronics for Embedded Developers |youtube-id=xteilPwCcJQ |description=Welcome to the first video in our new series coveri..."

{{Video
|series=Electronics Video
|number=1
|title=Electronics for Embedded Developers
|youtube-id=xteilPwCcJQ
|description=Welcome to the first video in our new series covering Electronics for Embedded Developers. You are NOT going to become an electronic engineer by watching these videos, but hopefully you will know enough to understand how to read a schematics and do simple circuits.
}}

Electronics Videos

2026-06-18T08:55:06Z

Lth: Created page with "Here we will post electronics tutorial videos. {{#ask: Category:Electronics Video |?Video series |?Video number |?Video title |?Video description |?Youtube id |form..."

Here we will post electronics tutorial videos.

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Main Page

2026-06-18T08:54:05Z

Lth:

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|-
| {{Box|title=[[:Category:FPGA|FPGA]]|theme=3|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:FPGA]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[Raspberry Pi Pico]]|theme=1|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:Raspberry Pi Pico]][[!Raspberry Pi Pico]]
|format=ul
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|link=all
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|order=desc
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|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
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}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[Awesome Audio Apparatus]]|theme=2|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:Awesome Audio Apparatus]]
|format=ul
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|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
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|propsep=,
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}}
{{Box/End}}
|-
| {{Box|title=[[ESP32]]|theme=2|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:ESP32]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[Colibri]]|theme=2|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:Colibri]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[Jolt]]|theme=6|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:Jolt]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
|}

Main Page

2026-06-18T02:07:26Z

Lth:

__NOTITLE__ __NOTOC__ {{metadesc|STM32World Wiki Main Page - all about STM32 and Similar MCUs}}
{| width=100%
|-
| width=33% |
| width=33% |
| width=33% |
|-
| colspan="2" | {{Box|title=Welcome|edit=Main Page/Welcome|height=610px}}
{{:Main Page/Welcome}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[Recent Changes]]|theme=2|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[:+]][[!Main Page]][[!Main Page/Welcome]][[!~STM32 Tutorial*]][[!~STM32 Bare Metal Video*]][[!~STM32 Basics*]][[!~STM32 Short*]][[!~STM32 Rant*]][[!~STM32 Miscellaneous*]][[!~KiCAD Video*]][[!~Streamline Video*]][[!~Colibri Video*]][[!~RP Pico Video*]][[!~STM32 Remake Video*]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
<div style="margin-top:5px;">
{{Box|title=[[STM32 Tutorial Videos]]|theme=2|height=300px}}
* [[STM32 Tutorial Videos]]
* [[STM32 Bare Metal Videos]]
* [[STM32 Basics Videos]]
* [[STM32 Short Videos]]
* [[STM32 Rant Videos]]
* [[STM32 Miscellaneous Videos]]
* [[KiCAD Videos]]
* [[Streamline Videos]]
* [[Colibri Videos]]
* [[RP Pico Videos]]

{{Box/End}}
</div>
|-
| {{Box|title=[[:Category:STM32 Documentation|STM32 Documentation]]|theme=3|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:STM32 Documentation]] OR [[Category:STM32 HOWTO]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[:Category:STM32 Hardware|STM32 Hardware]]|theme=4|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:STM32 Hardware]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
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}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[:Category:STM32 Development|STM32 Development]]|theme=5|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:STM32 Development]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
|-
| {{Box|title=[[:Category:Components and Modules|Components and Modules]]|theme=6|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:Components and Modules]] OR [[Category:Components]] OR [[Category:Modules]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[:Category:STM32 Projects|STM32 Projects]]|theme=7|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:STM32 Projects]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[Streamline]]|theme=11|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:Streamline]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
|-
| {{Box|title=[[:Category:MCU|MCUs]]|theme=9|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:MCU]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[:Category:STM32 HAL|STM32 HAL]]|theme=10|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:STM32 HAL]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[STM32World|STM32World]]|theme=8|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:STM32World]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
|-
| {{Box|title=[[:Category:C|C Programming]]|theme=12|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:C]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[:Category:Electronics|Electronics]]|theme=13|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:Electronics]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[:Category:KiCAD|KiCAD]]|theme=14|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:KiCAD]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
|-
| {{Box|title=[[:Category:Development Board|Development Boards]]|theme=1|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:Development Board]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[:Category:RISC-V|RISC-V]]|theme=2|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:RISC-V]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[:Category:CH32|CH32]]|theme=7|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:CH32]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
|-
| {{Box|title=[[:Category:FPGA|FPGA]]|theme=3|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:FPGA]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[Raspberry Pi Pico]]|theme=1|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:Raspberry Pi Pico]][[!Raspberry Pi Pico]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[Awesome Audio Apparatus]]|theme=2|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:Awesome Audio Apparatus]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
|-
| {{Box|title=[[ESP32]]|theme=2|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:ESP32]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[Colibri]]|theme=2|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:Colibri]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
| {{Box|title=[[Jolt]]|theme=6|height=300px}}
{{#ask: [[Category:Jolt]]
|format=ul
|limit=10
|offset=0
|link=all
|sort=Modification date
|order=desc
|headers=show
|searchlabel=... further results
|propsep=,
|valuesep=,
}}
{{Box/End}}
|}

STM32 Remakes

2026-06-18T02:04:02Z

Lth: Redirected page to STM32 Tutorial Videos

#REDIRECT [[STM32 Tutorial Videos]]

STM32 Tutorial Videos

2026-06-18T02:02:55Z

Lth:

[[Category:C]][[Category:STM32 Development]][[Category:STM32CubeMX]][[Category:STM32CubeIde]][[Category:STM32 HAL]][[Category:Embedded]][[Category:STM32]] {{metadesc|Learning STM32 Tutorial Videos - Beginner - Getting started}}
This site have quite a lot of visitors and it appears quite popular, but these days more people are watching Youtube videos for learning rather than reading actual documentation. For this reason, we have decided to create some getting started tutorial videos which will teach you how to learn stm32 and move beyond Arduino.

[[STM32]] is a family of [[MCU]]s and there will never be a "one fit all". For this reason, these videos will use different [[MCU]]s, probably mostly [[STM32World]] and [[Black Pill]] but should be fairly development board agnostic.

The videos will all be posted here: [https://www.youtube.com/@stm32world/videos https://www.youtube.com/@stm32world/videos]

And in the following playlist: [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVfOnriB1RjWT_fBzzqsrNaZRPnDgboNI https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVfOnriB1RjWT_fBzzqsrNaZRPnDgboNI]

The source code of all the examples will be put in this github repository: [https://github.com/STM32World/stm32fun https://github.com/STM32World/stm32fun]

{{#ask: [[Category:STM32 Tutorial Video]] OR [[Category:STM32 Remake Video]]
|?Video series
|?Video number
|?Video title
|?Video description
|?Youtube id
|format=plainlist
|template=Video detail
|sort=Creation date
|order=desc
|limit=20
}}

STM32 Tutorial Videos

2026-06-18T02:01:01Z

Lth:

[[Category:C]][[Category:STM32 Development]][[Category:STM32CubeMX]][[Category:STM32CubeIde]][[Category:STM32 HAL]][[Category:Embedded]][[Category:STM32]] {{metadesc|Learning STM32 Tutorial Videos - Beginner - Getting started}}
This site have quite a lot of visitors and it appears quite popular, but these days more people are watching Youtube videos for learning rather than reading actual documentation. For this reason, we have decided to create some getting started tutorial videos which will teach you how to learn stm32 and move beyond Arduino.

[[STM32]] is a family of [[MCU]]s and there will never be a "one fit all". For this reason, these videos will use different [[MCU]]s, probably mostly [[STM32World]] and [[Black Pill]] but should be fairly development board agnostic.

The videos will all be posted here: [https://www.youtube.com/@stm32world/videos https://www.youtube.com/@stm32world/videos]

And in the following playlist: [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVfOnriB1RjWT_fBzzqsrNaZRPnDgboNI https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVfOnriB1RjWT_fBzzqsrNaZRPnDgboNI]

The source code of all the examples will be put in this github repository: [https://github.com/STM32World/stm32fun https://github.com/STM32World/stm32fun]

{{#ask: [[Category:STM32 Tutorial Video]]
|?Video series
|?Video number
|?Video title
|?Video description
|?Youtube id
|format=plainlist
|template=Video detail
|sort=Creation date
|order=desc
|limit=20
}}

STM32 Tutorial Videos

2026-06-18T01:59:10Z

Lth:

[[Category:C]][[Category:STM32 Development]][[Category:STM32CubeMX]][[Category:STM32CubeIde]][[Category:STM32 HAL]][[Category:Embedded]][[Category:STM32]] {{metadesc|Learning STM32 Tutorial Videos - Beginner - Getting started}}
This site have quite a lot of visitors and it appears quite popular, but these days more people are watching Youtube videos for learning rather than reading actual documentation. For this reason, we have decided to create some getting started tutorial videos which will teach you how to learn stm32 and move beyond Arduino.

[[STM32]] is a family of [[MCU]]s and there will never be a "one fit all". For this reason, these videos will use different [[MCU]]s, probably mostly [[STM32World]] and [[Black Pill]] but should be fairly development board agnostic.

The videos will all be posted here: [https://www.youtube.com/@stm32world/videos https://www.youtube.com/@stm32world/videos]

And in the following playlist: [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVfOnriB1RjWT_fBzzqsrNaZRPnDgboNI https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVfOnriB1RjWT_fBzzqsrNaZRPnDgboNI]

The source code of all the examples will be put in this github repository: [https://github.com/STM32World/stm32fun https://github.com/STM32World/stm32fun]

{{#ask: [[Category:STM32 Tutorial Video]][[Category:STM32 Remake Video]]
|?Video series
|?Video number
|?Video title
|?Video description
|?Youtube id
|format=plainlist
|template=Video detail
|sort=Creation date
|order=desc
|limit=20
}}

Template:Main

2026-06-16T02:14:50Z

Lth:

<includeonly>: (main article: [[{{{1}}}]])</includeonly>

Template:Main

2026-06-16T02:14:10Z

Lth:

<includeonly>: (main article: {{{1}}})</includeonly>

Template:Main

2026-06-16T02:12:57Z

Lth:

<includeonly>: (main article: {{{1}}}})</includeonly>

Template:Main

2026-06-16T02:10:41Z

Lth:

<includeonly>: (main article: {{1}})</includeonly>

Template:Main

2026-06-16T02:09:11Z

Lth:

<includeonly>: (main article: {1})</includeonly>

Template:Nowrap

2026-06-16T01:55:16Z

Lth: 1 revision imported

<span class="nowrap">{{{1}}}</span><noinclude>
{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

Template:Main

2026-06-16T01:55:16Z

Lth: 1 revision imported

<includeonly>{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}</includeonly><noinclude>
{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

Learning Electronics

2026-06-16T01:53:14Z

Lth: /* Circuits */

[[Category:Electronics]][[Category:Learning Electronics]]{{metadesc|Learning electronics for Embedded Developers}}
The main focus of this wiki is and will always be [[STM32]] development, both tutorials and more in-depth reference information. However, after starting our [[STM32 Tutorial Videos]] series, there are a '''lot''' of comments and questions which show a complete lack of understanding of basic electronic concepts. There has even been questions along the line of "I want to be an embedded developer, do I have to learn electronics". Well, the answer to that question is "yes you do!" If you are not interested in or willing to learn basic electronics, then it is completely pointless. Get a job developing games, business applications or something like that. Embedded development is, as the name strongly suggest, closely embedded into electronics and you need at least a basic understanding of that to understand what is going on.

This page will function as an overview page linking to sub-pages roughly in the right order. We will probably start a new video series as well.

== Circuits ==
{{Main|Circuits}}
To be added

=== What is electricity? ===

==== Voltage ====

==== Current ====

==== Resistance ====

=== What is a circuit? ===

== Electronic components ==

=== Passive components ===

=== Active components ===

== Miscellaneous links ==

To be added

Learning Electronics

2026-06-16T01:52:55Z

Lth: /* Circuits main article */

[[Category:Electronics]][[Category:Learning Electronics]]{{metadesc|Learning electronics for Embedded Developers}}
The main focus of this wiki is and will always be [[STM32]] development, both tutorials and more in-depth reference information. However, after starting our [[STM32 Tutorial Videos]] series, there are a '''lot''' of comments and questions which show a complete lack of understanding of basic electronic concepts. There has even been questions along the line of "I want to be an embedded developer, do I have to learn electronics". Well, the answer to that question is "yes you do!" If you are not interested in or willing to learn basic electronics, then it is completely pointless. Get a job developing games, business applications or something like that. Embedded development is, as the name strongly suggest, closely embedded into electronics and you need at least a basic understanding of that to understand what is going on.

This page will function as an overview page linking to sub-pages roughly in the right order. We will probably start a new video series as well.

== Circuits ==
{{Main:Circuits}}
To be added

=== What is electricity? ===

==== Voltage ====

==== Current ====

==== Resistance ====

=== What is a circuit? ===

== Electronic components ==

=== Passive components ===

=== Active components ===

== Miscellaneous links ==

To be added

Template:Main

2026-06-16T01:52:13Z

Lth: Created page with "<includeonly>{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on th..."

Learning Electronics

2026-06-16T01:37:43Z

Lth: /* Circuits */

[[Category:Electronics]][[Category:Learning Electronics]]{{metadesc|Learning electronics for Embedded Developers}}
The main focus of this wiki is and will always be [[STM32]] development, both tutorials and more in-depth reference information. However, after starting our [[STM32 Tutorial Videos]] series, there are a '''lot''' of comments and questions which show a complete lack of understanding of basic electronic concepts. There has even been questions along the line of "I want to be an embedded developer, do I have to learn electronics". Well, the answer to that question is "yes you do!" If you are not interested in or willing to learn basic electronics, then it is completely pointless. Get a job developing games, business applications or something like that. Embedded development is, as the name strongly suggest, closely embedded into electronics and you need at least a basic understanding of that to understand what is going on.

This page will function as an overview page linking to sub-pages roughly in the right order. We will probably start a new video series as well.

== Circuits [[Circuits|main article]] ==

=== What is electricity? ===

==== Voltage ====

==== Current ====

==== Resistance ====

=== What is a circuit? ===

== Electronic components ==

=== Passive components ===

=== Active components ===

== Miscellaneous links ==

To be added

Kirchoff's Law

2026-06-16T01:29:15Z

Lth:

[[Category:Electronics]]{{metadesc|Kirchoff's Law explanation}}
[[File:KCL_-_Kirchhoff's_circuit_laws.svg|thumb|250px|Kirchoff's circuit law]]
[[Kirchoff's Law]]s refer to a number of observations made by a German scientist named Gustav Kirchoff.
{{clear}}

This can be illustrated with [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html?ctz=CQAgjCAMB0l3BWcMBMcUHYMGZIA4UA2ATmIxAUgoqoQFMBaMMAKACcLCqU89OrsCFFBqR2IDJAAsIHn0kzBw2nHF4pfOSHV8lIymIBuIKRpB7Tm3iKpTaNqNAQsA7ibNbLs-FFf9vfAhcsna+boShaPLSAWESMVHxMiihYm4Y6rE6sWnaHj7ZKVS5QQJC-tiZuQrm5TWVMrnZes1Vfl5S2MJeemLYkiZ43D5Cmj7YNu35fBrDfCU8saU5LP20wVJghP5SEeaTa0kmW0e7igcD2ZvbV3sTxX7Lduu2J9Uxz6dvfldweTPfNxPPZPYjbXIdLruGZguI1KSw+F7aqZBE3MxouJXWG3RosAAOtWEXTKxMy9xEYHg1L8ehJRJWbj0iS8iVydPJ5Ux7K5sI6sL6A1GJj5QxF2wpuQitkRHwFqyFGG2iUIKVikoVVAwaFiSrGukmQOCiQQSsZIFVyR80vNNUS2rmcMI+okmTZPw8oUK1neyVCdp9j2NoWWWiaZga-xMf195ky8JjQYEmSeibc-O2Z3FcWFmNB4KT2Zt3L88MRqPl6b2mNm2bEQA this] simulation:
<div class="res-img">
[[File:Kirchoff.svg|600px]]
</div>

File:Kirchoff.svg

2026-06-16T01:12:51Z

Lth: Lth uploaded a new version of File:Kirchoff.svg

File uploaded with MsUpload

Kirchoff's Law

2026-06-16T00:40:56Z

Lth:

[[Category:Electronics]]{{metadesc|Kirchoff's Law explanation}}
[[File:KCL_-_Kirchhoff's_circuit_laws.svg|thumb|250px|Kirchoff's circuit law]]
[[Kirchoff's Law]]s refer to a number of observations made by a German scientist named Gustav Kirchoff.
{{clear}}

This can be illustrated with [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html?ctz=CQAgjCAMB0l3BWcMBMcUHYMGZIA4UA2ATmIxAUgoqoQFMBaMMAKACcLCqUAWWrkLh5RkcdiEK8QvKpOFCRlSOMJ480vhLWDIwqmHgrt2bIS3q+VfYY5zBpiVMuKxHBAJNn3VZ9bEA3EB4edWwEFCCQ6W0rINoRK2gEFgB3SPUUbWCM-ChUzm5c7w0rfOK0dTsKvLSq3KrNZVqpatUc9SbzaXrtGRqCnWFiz367BTGHTrbBrpHO7KDsCIWwiOVsDB88QvVw9sEE-IXqkJ3+ve7dgWr1zYGeMC8BHkJ5Q43ZJ0fHYRe30o+XQeZmmfwOpTSxWcUO+UyccB+QVh+VBCNByMhz1e92IZnmUR4S3SQVxoycpLsYLhvwpWVJUzpIKy2OUAAdBOFBGgORFsHh-iIDPBDGlVlyqGKbvlJbljrlOmK+fJOTx6dKVaSFqq8SxARdtcSDdhDpDMiSnj41ZjLSDyTqgA this] simulation:
<div class="res-img">
[[File:Kirchoff.svg|600px]]
</div>

Kirchoff's Law

2026-06-16T00:40:25Z

Lth:

[[Category:Electronics]]{{metadesc|Kirchoff's Law explanation}}
[[File:KCL_-_Kirchhoff's_circuit_laws.svg|thumb|250px]]
[[Kirchoff's Law]]s refer to a number of observations made by a German scientist named Gustav Kirchoff.
{{clear}}

This can be illustrated with [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html?ctz=CQAgjCAMB0l3BWcMBMcUHYMGZIA4UA2ATmIxAUgoqoQFMBaMMAKACcLCqUAWWrkLh5RkcdiEK8QvKpOFCRlSOMJ480vhLWDIwqmHgrt2bIS3q+VfYY5zBpiVMuKxHBAJNn3VZ9bEA3EB4edWwEFCCQ6W0rINoRK2gEFgB3SPUUbWCM-ChUzm5c7w0rfOK0dTsKvLSq3KrNZVqpatUc9SbzaXrtGRqCnWFiz367BTGHTrbBrpHO7KDsCIWwiOVsDB88QvVw9sEE-IXqkJ3+ve7dgWr1zYGeMC8BHkJ5Q43ZJ0fHYRe30o+XQeZmmfwOpTSxWcUO+UyccB+QVh+VBCNByMhz1e92IZnmUR4S3SQVxoycpLsYLhvwpWVJUzpIKy2OUAAdBOFBGgORFsHh-iIDPBDGlVlyqGKbvlJbljrlOmK+fJOTx6dKVaSFqq8SxARdtcSDdhDpDMiSnj41ZjLSDyTqgA this]] simulation:
<div class="res-img">
[[File:Kirchoff.svg|600px]]
</div>

File:KCL - Kirchhoff's circuit laws.svg

2026-06-16T00:37:49Z

Lth: File uploaded with MsUpload

File uploaded with MsUpload

Kirchoff's Law

2026-06-16T00:36:57Z

Lth: Created page with "Category:Electronics{{metadesc|Kirchoff's Law explanation}} <div class="res-img"> 600px </div>"

[[Category:Electronics]]{{metadesc|Kirchoff's Law explanation}}

<div class="res-img">
[[File:Kirchoff.svg|600px]]
</div>

File:Kirchoff.svg

2026-06-16T00:36:25Z

Lth: File uploaded with MsUpload

File uploaded with MsUpload

Low-dropout regulator

2026-06-16T00:34:55Z

Lth:

[[Category:Electronics]]{{metadesc|Low-dropout regulator explanation}}
[[File:Torex Semicon XC6206P332MR.png|thumb|Torex Semicon XC6206P332MR]]A [[Low-dropout regulator]] ([[LDO]]) is a device which will regulate a stable voltage as long as the input voltage is "somewhat" higher (depends on the exact regulator) than the required output.

It is important to know and understand that an [[LDO]] does this by "burning of" the excess voltage and this can and does result in quite a lot of heat which must be handled in the design. The amount of energy burned off is easy to calculate. Let's imagine using a 3.3V regulator from a 5V source. The voltage drop over the regulator is 5V - 3.3V = 1.7V. If using 100 mA that would result in 1.7V * 0.1A = 0.17W (or 170 mW) of power.

{{clear}}
== Model/Simulation ==

Internally, [[LDO]]s are build around a MOSFET and a OpAmp which operates as a comparator (click [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html?ctz=CQAgjCAMB0l3BWcMBMcUHYMGZIA4UA2ATmIxAUgoqoQFMBaMMAKADcQU88QAWMQp24hsCFFHB8qYcWCrzoCFgGMQGMZ15V143Lz5RY8CNmgpeKFJV6E82QoTDYeMOBEgsATiDy8e5ql8ePQk5D2x9bAA1bEkwaAwwXlEuMGJU+BRGcioUI3gCwt8RaFjWAC8RYrFg4r9ckRivKv0AlpE0UMKWAHMhHgQMQS4B9IkPPud9QcEpijH5Xp8-CiHl0fFFvp1VwR2EBagWAHd+vgEzmaPTkfAxubTNk7OQ25Trl8hW4UeP2x5fjtfh5TkCxjs2iC1BpfkE7k9TnDYStIc8diF9msoXCQnCrlC5jV2vjnnN6u1eCsCcVfnNUadkroNHN3tTIszithOmyRBz9JSXM1-pwMOJhazkHBnoRzJoqDLIrY-rL7ANCFRVX8fmNCFp4UdvMKbPphQhKV0CtLtWLhJgESBxRpxcUoYyKRc5q6PXULm6vYI3UauVqeIHhJ6raHg0bdUc+qa1qbDlCE4JTeaPABDPjBzUIdUiJXETQWgolFByJJ4Mh4BB4SDYCLBMxhUj8A68UjVyXwFgAMwdsraCv1es2sBQLAAJnxY78EDJ9eIp3Q+5mAK4AGwALs8F7Idfh9a65-caQsWAB7cBi-RULSkKSGTacG8iK-gJCx++QR-csySLISDYCwQA here] to run simulation)

<div class="res-img">
[[File:LDO Simulation.png|600px]]
</div>

When running the simulation it is quite easy to understand how it functions. The output voltage is controlled by a N-channel MOSFET which is being controlled by an opamp. The opamp acts like a comparator which compares an internal voltage reference (in the simulation that is a Zener diode) with the output voltage divided down to an appropriate level.

Dual Function Generator (DAC/DMA) part 2

2026-06-15T07:22:47Z

Lth: Created page with "{{Video |series=STM32 Tutorial Video |number=89 |title=Dual Function Generator (DAC/DMA) part 2 |youtube-id=CHVcX6bBvas |description=This is part 2 of a multi-part video creat..."

{{Video
|series=STM32 Tutorial Video
|number=89
|title=Dual Function Generator (DAC/DMA) part 2
|youtube-id=CHVcX6bBvas
|description=This is part 2 of a multi-part video creating a dual channel function generator on a STM32 MCU.
}}

Low-dropout regulator

2026-06-14T00:58:31Z

Lth: /* Model/Simulation */

[[File:Torex Semicon XC6206P332MR.png|thumb|Torex Semicon XC6206P332MR]]A [[Low-dropout regulator]] ([[LDO]]) is a device which will regulate a stable voltage as long as the input voltage is "somewhat" higher (depends on the exact regulator) than the required output.

It is important to know and understand that an [[LDO]] does this by "burning of" the excess voltage and this can and does result in quite a lot of heat which must be handled in the design. The amount of energy burned off is easy to calculate. Let's imagine using a 3.3V regulator from a 5V source. The voltage drop over the regulator is 5V - 3.3V = 1.7V. If using 100 mA that would result in 1.7V * 0.1A = 0.17W (or 170 mW) of power.

{{clear}}
== Model/Simulation ==

Internally, [[LDO]]s are build around a MOSFET and a OpAmp which operates as a comparator (click [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html?ctz=CQAgjCAMB0l3BWcMBMcUHYMGZIA4UA2ATmIxAUgoqoQFMBaMMAKADcQU88QAWMQp24hsCFFHB8qYcWCrzoCFgGMQGMZ15V143Lz5RY8CNmgpeKFJV6E82QoTDYeMOBEgsATiDy8e5ql8ePQk5D2x9bAA1bEkwaAwwXlEuMGJU+BRGcioUI3gCwt8RaFjWAC8RYrFg4r9ckRivKv0AlpE0UMKWAHMhHgQMQS4B9IkPPud9QcEpijH5Xp8-CiHl0fFFvp1VwR2EBagWAHd+vgEzmaPTkfAxubTNk7OQ25Trl8hW4UeP2x5fjtfh5TkCxjs2iC1BpfkE7k9TnDYStIc8diF9msoXCQnCrlC5jV2vjnnN6u1eCsCcVfnNUadkroNHN3tTIszithOmyRBz9JSXM1-pwMOJhazkHBnoRzJoqDLIrY-rL7ANCFRVX8fmNCFp4UdvMKbPphQhKV0CtLtWLhJgESBxRpxcUoYyKRc5q6PXULm6vYI3UauVqeIHhJ6raHg0bdUc+qa1qbDlCE4JTeaPABDPjBzUIdUiJXETQWgolFByJJ4Mh4BB4SDYCLBMxhUj8A68UjVyXwFgAMwdsraCv1es2sBQLAAJnxY78EDJ9eIp3Q+5mAK4AGwALs8F7Idfh9a65-caQsWAB7cBi-RULSkKSGTacG8iK-gJCx++QR-csySLISDYCwQA here] to run simulation)

<div class="res-img">
[[File:LDO Simulation.png|600px]]
</div>

When running the simulation it is quite easy to understand how it functions. The output voltage is controlled by a N-channel MOSFET which is being controlled by an opamp. The opamp acts like a comparator which compares an internal voltage reference (in the simulation that is a Zener diode) with the output voltage divided down to an appropriate level.

Low-dropout regulator

2026-06-14T00:32:55Z

Lth:

Low-dropout regulator

2026-06-14T00:31:59Z

Lth:

[[File:Torex Semicon XC6206P332MR.png|thumb|Torex Semicon XC6206P332MR]]A [[Low-dropout regulator]] ([[LDO]]) is a device which will regulate a stable voltage as long as the input voltage is "somewhat" higher (depends on the exact regulator) than the required output.

It is important to know and understand that an [[LDO]] does this by "burning of" the excess voltage and this can and does result in quite a lot of heat which must be handled in the design. The amount of energy burned off is easy to calculate. Let's imagine using a 3.3V regulator from a 5V source. The voltage drop over the regulator is 5V - 3.3V = 1.7V. If using 100 mA that would result in 1.7V * 0.1A = 0.17W (or 170 mW) of power.

== Model/Simulation ==

Internally, [[LDO]]s are build around a MOSFET and a OpAmp which operates as a comparator (click [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html?ctz=CQAgjCAMB0l3BWcMBMcUHYMGZIA4UA2ATmIxAUgoqoQFMBaMMAKADcQU88QAWMQp24hsCFFHB8qYcWCrzoCFgGMQGMZ15V143Lz5RY8CNmgpeKFJV6E82QoTDYeMOBEgsATiDy8e5ql8ePQk5D2x9bAA1bEkwaAwwXlEuMGJU+BRGcioUI3gCwt8RaFjWAC8RYrFg4r9ckRivKv0AlpE0UMKWAHMhHgQMQS4B9IkPPud9QcEpijH5Xp8-CiHl0fFFvp1VwR2EBagWAHd+vgEzmaPTkfAxubTNk7OQ25Trl8hW4UeP2x5fjtfh5TkCxjs2iC1BpfkE7k9TnDYStIc8diF9msoXCQnCrlC5jV2vjnnN6u1eCsCcVfnNUadkroNHN3tTIszithOmyRBz9JSXM1-pwMOJhazkHBnoRzJoqDLIrY-rL7ANCFRVX8fmNCFp4UdvMKbPphQhKV0CtLtWLhJgESBxRpxcUoYyKRc5q6PXULm6vYI3UauVqeIHhJ6raHg0bdUc+qa1qbDlCE4JTeaPABDPjBzUIdUiJXETQWgolFByJJ4Mh4BB4SDYCLBMxhUj8A68UjVyXwFgAMwdsraCv1es2sBQLAAJnxY78EDJ9eIp3Q+5mAK4AGwALs8F7Idfh9a65-caQsWAB7cBi-RULSkKSGTacG8iK-gJCx++QR-csySLISDYCwQA here] to run simulation)

<div class="res-img">
[[File:LDO Simulation.png|600px]]
</div>

File:LDO Simulation.png

2026-06-14T00:28:32Z

Lth: File uploaded with MsUpload

File uploaded with MsUpload

Circuits

2026-06-13T01:53:27Z

Lth:

[[Category:Electronics]]

[[File:Ohm's Law with Voltage source TeX.svg|300px|thumb|Simple circuit consisting of a Voltage source and a resistor.]]
A battery on it's own is a voltage source, however, if nothing is connected between the + and -, no current will flow.

The simplest circuit one can imagine consist of a voltage source and a resistor.

<div class="res-img">
[[File:Simple circuit.png|600px]]
</div>

You can play with this circuit in [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html CircuitJS] by clicking [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html?ctz=CQAgjCAMB0l3BWcMBMcUHYMGZIA4UA2ATmIxAUgoqoQFMBaMMAKADcQAWOCsFLnpzCEoo7tSqToCFgCde-BHwVdhosPBYB3AVSEjuVbHk5RtukMdNL+VszpuWTK-fZWOPnU5HOGKXi0cfbAw9PFoAzmxFAOxRHx0-BEjo-29fcLT3AJ8AB0s0LlTovWIROMlkeE1EnjsSp3SdBvrCqP4EgtLywuSmrqyknJYAe3AQQm8BUmQoWD4kKn4IbBZjcYAxCCoIDXgQJhAAJToAZwBLU4AXAEMAOwBjOjW8US3RBkLCw4A1EYAbW4Ac2eQA here]

In any circuit, there exists a fixed relationship between the voltage, the resistance and the current. This is expressed by Ohm's Law, which states:

<pre>
U = R x I
</pre>

It is worth noticing that U is being used for a potential difference in most of mainland Europe, whereas the colonists prefer a V:

<syntaxhighlight lang="C">
V = R x I
</syntaxhighlight>

Circuits

2026-06-13T01:51:25Z

Lth:

[[Category:Electronics]]

[[File:Ohm's Law with Voltage source TeX.svg|300px|thumb|Simple circuit consisting of a Voltage source and a resistor.]]
A battery on it's own is a voltage source, however, if nothing is connected between the + and -, no current will flow.

The simplest circuit one can imagine consist of a voltage source and a resistor.

<div class="res-img">
[[File:Simple circuit.png|600px]]
</div>

You can play with this circuit in [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html CircuitJS] by clicking [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html?ctz=CQAgjCAMB0l3BWcMBMcUHYMGZIA4UA2ATmIxAUgoqoQFMBaMMAKADcQAWOCsFLnpzCEoo7tSqToCFgCde-BHwVdhosPBYB3AVSEjuVbHk5RtukMdNL+VszpuWTK-fZWOPnU5HOGKXi0cfbAw9PFoAzmxFAOxRHx0-BEjo-29fcLT3AJ8AB0s0LlTovWIROMlkeE1EnjsSp3SdBvrCqP4EgtLywuSmrqyknJYAe3AQQm8BUmQoWD4kKn4IbBZjcYAxCCoIDXgQJhAAJToAZwBLU4AXAEMAOwBjOjW8US3RBkLCw4A1EYAbW4Ac2eQA here]

In any circuit, there exists a fixed relationship between the voltage, the resistance and the current. This is expressed by Ohm's Law, which states:

<pre>
U = R x I
</pre>

It is worth noticing that U is being used for a potential difference in most of mainland Europe, whereas the colonists prefer a V:

<syntaxhighlight>
V = R x I
</syntaxhighlight>

Learning Electronics

2026-06-11T23:36:46Z

Lth:

[[Category:Electronics]][[Category:Learning Electronics]]{{metadesc|Learning electronics for Embedded Developers}}
The main focus of this wiki is and will always be [[STM32]] development, both tutorials and more in-depth reference information. However, after starting our [[STM32 Tutorial Videos]] series, there are a '''lot''' of comments and questions which show a complete lack of understanding of basic electronic concepts. There has even been questions along the line of "I want to be an embedded developer, do I have to learn electronics". Well, the answer to that question is "yes you do!" If you are not interested in or willing to learn basic electronics, then it is completely pointless. Get a job developing games, business applications or something like that. Embedded development is, as the name strongly suggest, closely embedded into electronics and you need at least a basic understanding of that to understand what is going on.

This page will function as an overview page linking to sub-pages roughly in the right order. We will probably start a new video series as well.

== Circuits ==

=== What is electricity? ===

==== Voltage ====

==== Current ====

==== Resistance ====

=== What is a circuit? ===

== Electronic components ==

=== Passive components ===

=== Active components ===

== Miscellaneous links ==

To be added

Creating a Streamline Blade from scratch in KiCAD

2026-06-11T00:46:31Z

Lth: Created page with "{{Video |series=KiCAD Video |number=9 |title=Creating a Streamline Blade from scratch in KiCAD |youtube-id=aTwjIxJqosc |description=In this video we will show a complete examp..."

{{Video
|series=KiCAD Video
|number=9
|title=Creating a Streamline Blade from scratch in KiCAD
|youtube-id=aTwjIxJqosc
|description=In this video we will show a complete example of how to create a Streamline Blade in KiCAD.
}}

Second Blinky

2026-06-10T08:02:06Z

Lth: Created page with "{{Video |series=RP Pico Video |number=7 |title=Second Blinky |youtube-id=05K6xTBhHKM |description=In this video we will FIX the horrible blinky example from the last video. N..."

{{Video
|series=RP Pico Video
|number=7
|title=Second Blinky
|youtube-id=05K6xTBhHKM
|description=In this video we will FIX the horrible blinky example from the last video. NO delay's in the super loop!
}}

Dual Function Generator (DAC/DMA) part 1

2026-06-08T06:42:40Z

Lth: Created page with "{{Video |series=STM32 Tutorial Video |number=88 |title=Dual Function Generator (DAC/DMA) part 1 |youtube-id=50bHuO2Dfg0 |description=This is part 1 of a multi-part video creat..."

{{Video
|series=STM32 Tutorial Video
|number=88
|title=Dual Function Generator (DAC/DMA) part 1
|youtube-id=50bHuO2Dfg0
|description=This is part 1 of a multi-part video creating a dual channel function generator on a STM32 MCU.
}}

STM32 ADC and DAC with DMA

2026-06-07T09:48:55Z

Lth: /* Tutorial video */

[[Category:STM32]][[Category:STM32 Development]][[Category:C]][[Category:DMA]]{{metadesc|How to use ADC and DAC with DMA on STM32}}
Most, if not all, [[STM32]] [[MCU]]s include one or more Analog to Digital converters ([[ADC]]s) which can be used to measure analog voltage levels. Many, but not all, also include one or more Digital to Analog converters ([[DAC]]s) which can produce an analog voltage level. This page will document how to use these peripherals.
{{clear}}
== Overview ==

To be added

== ADC ==

As mentioned earlier almost all [{STM32]] [[MCU]]s has got at least one [[ADC]] (they can have more - [[STM32F405]] have 3) and each of those [[ADC]]s have multiple channels that can be sampled individually or in sequence.

=== Configuring the [[ADC]] peripheral in [[STM32CubeMX]] ===

The [[ADC]] peripheral can be configured through [[STM32CubeMX]]:

<div class="res-img">
[[File:ADC1 Config.png|800px]]
</div>

The input channels can be enabled and disabled individually. For ADC1 there are also some internal channels (not wired to a pin but wired internally). For this example we will enable all the 3 internal channels:

<div class="res-img">
[[File:ADC1 internal channels.png|600px]]
</div>

In this case we have enabled the internal temperature sensor, the internal reference voltage and the battery voltage.

We have also enabled "Scan Conversion Mode" (measure the 3 channels in sequence) and "DMA Continuous Requests".

Under Regular Conversion we have configured the use of 3 and rank each of these in turn:

<div class="res-img">
[[File:ADC Regular Conversion config.png|600px]]
</div>

Notice that the Sampling time can be configured per channel. The higher the value, the more precise the [[ADC]].

Final configuration of the [[ADC]] is the [[DMA]].

<div class="res-img">
[[File:ADC DMA Configuration.png|600px]]
</div>

We will here use a circular buffer.

The final part of the configuration is the timer (timer 8 as per above configuration):

<div class="res-img">
[[File:Timer8 Configuration for ADC DMA.png|600px]]
</div>

=== Code ===

For convenience we will first create some defines:

<pre>
#define ADC_RESOLUTION 4096
#define DMA_SAMPLES 10
#define DMA_BUFFER_SIZE 3 * DMA_SAMPLES
</pre>

Notice we will create the buffer 3 times the number of samples, as all 3 channels are written to the buffer on the scan.

We can now create the buffer itself:

<pre>
uint16_t dma_buffer[2 * DMA_BUFFER_SIZE];
</pre>

In our main code we can now fire up the timer and the [[ADC]]:

<pre>
HAL_TIM_Base_Start_IT(&htim8);
HAL_ADC_Start_DMA(&hadc1, (uint32_t*) &dma_buffer, 2 * DMA_BUFFER_SIZE);
</pre>

The continuous run is now enabled and we can add our callbacks for the DMA circular buffer:

<pre>
void HAL_ADC_ConvHalfCpltCallback(ADC_HandleTypeDef *hadc) {
process_buffer(&dma_buffer[0]);
}

void HAL_ADC_ConvCpltCallback(ADC_HandleTypeDef *hadc) {
process_buffer(&dma_buffer[DMA_BUFFER_SIZE]);
}
</pre>

For this example we will simply average the 10 samples of each channel:

<pre>
void process_buffer(uint16_t *buffer) {

uint32_t temp_sum = 0, vref_sum = 0, vbat_sum = 0;

//if (cb % 50 == 0) HAL_GPIO_TogglePin(LED_GPIO_Port, LED_Pin);

for (int i = 0; i < DMA_SAMPLES; ++i) {
temp_sum += buffer[0];
vref_sum += buffer[1];
vbat_sum += buffer[2];
buffer += 3;
}

temp_avg = temp_sum / DMA_SAMPLES;
vref_avg = vref_sum / DMA_SAMPLES;
vbat_avg = vbat_sum / DMA_SAMPLES;

// VDDA can be calculated based on the measured vref and the calibration data
vdda = (float) VREFINT_CAL_VREF * (float) *VREFINT_CAL_ADDR / vref_avg / 1000;

// Knowing vdda and the resolution of adc - the actual voltage can be calculated
vref = (float) vdda / ADC_RESOLUTION * vref_avg;

// Temperature can be calculated based on the
temp = (float) ((float) ((float) (TEMPSENSOR_CAL2_TEMP - TEMPSENSOR_CAL1_TEMP) / (float) (*TEMPSENSOR_CAL2_ADDR - *TEMPSENSOR_CAL1_ADDR)) * (temp_avg *TEMPSENSOR_CAL1_ADDR) + TEMPSENSOR_CAL1_TEMP);

}
</pre>

=== Tutorial video ===

We have created a tutorial video describing how to use the [[ADC]] with [[DMA]].

You can watch the video on youtube here: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rb3j78--7xU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rb3j78--7xU].

{{#ev:youtube|rb3j78--7xU}}

== DAC ==

The [[Digital to analog converter]] peripheral can be used to generate analog values on a pin.

The range of voltages is between 0 and VDDA (usually 3.3 V) with a precision of 12 bit. 12 bit can be used for 4096 values meaning the analog output can be controlled in 0.8 mV steps.

=== Configuring the [[DAC]] peripheral in [[STM32CubeMX]] ===

The basic [[DAC]] configuration is done through [[STM32CubeMX]]:

<div class="res-img">
[[File:DAC configuration.png|1000px]]
</div>

As can be seen, there are very few settings. The output buffer is essentially an OpAmp voltage follower capable of delivering more current than the regular [[DAC]] at the price of some precision (OpAmps will introduce a DC offset error). If just setting a fixed value from the code somewhere, the trigger is not necessary. The trigger is used in combination with a [[DMA]] buffer and in the above example the [[DAC]] is triggered from a timer channel.

The [[DMA]] is configured from the DMA Tab:

<div class="res-img">
[[File:DAC DMA settings.png|800px]]
</div>

For the above configuration a timer can be configured to generate the samples:

<div class="res-img">
[[File:DAC Timer config.png|800px]]
</div>

In this case, the prescaler will scale the 84 MHz APB1 clock frequency down to 1 MHz. Dividing that with 10 means 100000 samples per second (100 kHz).

=== Code ===

For convenience we will first set a few defines:

<pre>
#define DMA_BUFFER_SIZE 64
#define SAMPLE_FREQ 100000
#define OUTPUT_MID 2048
</pre>

We can now create a [[DMA]] buffer:

<pre>
uint16_t dma_buffer[2 * DMA_BUFFER_SIZE];
</pre>

The buffer contains half words (16-bit) sufficient for the 12 bit resolution of the [[DAC]]. Because we're using a circular buffer we create the buffer double of the number of samples.

We can now start the timer and the [[DAC]]:

<pre>
HAL_TIM_Base_Start_IT(&htim6);

HAL_DAC_Start_DMA(&hdac, DAC_CHANNEL_1, (uint32_t*) &dma_buffer, 2 * DMA_BUFFER_SIZE, DAC_ALIGN_12B_R);
</pre>

At this point the [[DAC]] will start 100000 samples per second (all zeros at this point since the buffer contains all zeros). A callback will be executed when the buffer is half send and when the buffer is fully send. The idea is that when the half point is reached, it is safe to update the samples of the first half. When the final point is reached, it is safe to update the second half of the buffer.

<pre>
inline void HAL_DAC_ConvCpltCallbackCh1(DAC_HandleTypeDef *hdac) {
do_dac(&dma_buffer[DMA_BUFFER_SIZE]);
}

inline void HAL_DAC_ConvHalfCpltCallbackCh1(DAC_HandleTypeDef *hdac) {
do_dac(&dma_buffer[0]);
}
</pre>

IF we want a nice sine wave on the [[DAC]] output, we will need a few more variables, and we'll need to implement the do_dac function (which will be called 100000 / buffer_size times each second). First a few includes:

<pre>
#include <math.h>
#include "arm_math.h"
</pre>

The "arm_math.h" is a library optimized for incredible fast float math on ARM cores. We can now create some variables.

<pre>
const float two_pi = 2 * M_PI;

float angle = 0;
float angle_change = 440 * (2 * M_PI / SAMPLE_FREQ);
float amplifier = 0.9;
</pre>

The "angle" will change from 0 to 2 * PI and each sample will increase that angle by "angle_change". Here configured for a 440 Hz sine-wave.

We can now create the "do_dac" function:

<pre>
static inline void do_dac(uint16_t *buffer) {
for (int i = 0; i < DMA_BUFFER_SIZE; ++i) {
buffer[i] = OUTPUT_MID - (amplifier * (OUTPUT_MID * arm_cos_f32(angle)));
angle += angle_change;
if (angle >= two_pi) {
angle -= two_pi;
}
}
}
</pre>

This is quite simple. We go through each sample in the buffer (half buffer to be exact) and for each sample we create the cos (using the fast arm_cos_f32) and use that to calculate the sample value. We finally increase the angle by "angle_change". Finally we reset the angle if it goes above a full circle (2 * PI).

And that is all there is to it. Quite simple really.

'''Note''' it is possible to run both [[DAC]]s at the same time. Simply start the second [[DAC]] channel like this:

<pre>
HAL_DAC_Start_DMA(&hdac, DAC_CHANNEL_2, (uint32_t*) &dma_buffer_2, 2 * DMA_BUFFER_SIZE, DAC_ALIGN_12B_R);
</pre>

Of course with a separate [[DMA]] buffer.

The callbacks for the second [[DAC]] channel are:

<pre>
void HAL_DACEx_ConvHalfCpltCallbackCh2(DAC_HandleTypeDef *hdac) {
do_dac2(&dma_buffer_2[0]);
}

void HAL_DACEx_ConvCpltCallbackCh2(DAC_HandleTypeDef *hdac) {
do_dac2(&dma_buffer_2[DMA_BUFFER_SIZE]);
}
</pre>

=== Tutorial video ===

We have created a tutorial video describing how to use the [[DAC]] with [[DMA]].

You can watch the video on youtube here: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0N4ECamZw2k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0N4ECamZw2k].

{{#ev:youtube|0N4ECamZw2k}}

Two channels:

{{#ev:youtube|50bHuO2Dfg0}}

== Miscellaneous Links ==

* [https://www.st.com/resource/en/application_note/cd00211314-how-to-get-the-best-adc-accuracy-in-stm32-microcontrollers-stmicroelectronics.pdf AN2834 How to optimize the ADC accuracy in the STM32 MCUs]

Template:Streamline Pinout New

2026-06-06T09:47:30Z

Lth:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!STM32 Alt
!STM32
!RP2350 Hardware Block
!ESP32-S3 Hardware Block
!Pin
!Pin
!ESP32-S3 Hardware Block
!RP2350 Hardware Block
!STM32
!STM32 Alt
|-
|
|GND
|GND
|GND
|A1
|B1
|GND
|GND
|GND
|
|-
|
|NRST
|RUN (Reset)
|CHIP_PU (Reset)
|A2
|B2
|GPIO0 (BOOT0 Strap)
|BOOT0
|Boot0
|
|-
|
|VBAT
|VSYS
|V3VDD
|A3
|B3
|NC (Analog Ref)
|VREF (ADC Analog Power)
|VA
|
|-
|TIM2_CH3 / TIM5_CH3 / TIM9_CH1 / USART2_TX
|PA2
|GPIO4 (HW UART1 TX)
|GPIO4 (HW UART2 TX)
|A4
|B4
|GPIO5 (HW UART2 RX)
|GPIO5 (HW UART1 RX)
|PA3
|TIM2_CH4 / TIM5_CH4 / TIM9_CH2 / USART2_RX / UART4_RX
|-
|TIM2_CH2 / TIM5_CH2 / UART4_RX / ETH_MII_RX_CLK / ETH_RMII_REF_CLK
|PA1
|GPIO24 (IO)
|GPIO10 (IO)
|A5
|B5
|GPIO12 (IO)
|GPIO6 (IO)
|PA4
|SPI1_NSS / I2S3_WS / USART2_CK / DAC1_OUT1 / ETH_MII_CRS
|-
|TIM2_CH1 / TIM5_CH1 / TIM8_ETR / USART2_CTS / UART4_TX
|PA0
|GPIO25 (IO)
|GPIO11 (IO)
|A6
|B6
|GPIO13 (IO)
|GPIO26 (IO)
|PA5
|TIM2_CH1 / TIM8_CH1N / SPI1_SCK / ETH_MII_TX_EN / ETH_RMII_TX_EN
|-
|TIM8_ETR / SPI2_MOSI / I2S2_MCK / OTG_HS_ULPI_NXT
|PC3
|GPIO40 (IO)
|GPIO7 (ADC1_CH6)
|A7
|B7
|GPIO8 (ADC1_CH7)
|GPIO41 (IO)
|PA6
|TIM1_BKIN / TIM3_CH1 / TIM8_BKIN / SPI1_MISO / DCMI_D0
|-
|SPI2_MISO / I2S2_ext_SD / DCMI_D8 / ETH_MII_TXD2 / ETH_RMII_TXD1
|PC2
|GPIO42 (IO)
|GPIO9 (ADC1_CH8)
|A8
|B8
|GPIO3 (IO)
|GPIO27 (IO)
|PA7
|TIM1_CH1N / TIM3_CH2 / TIM8_CH1N / SPI1_MOSI / ETH_MII_TX_CLK
|-
|ETH_MII_MDC / I2S2_SD / SPI2_SD / DCMI_D1 / EVENTOUT
|PC1
|GPIO44 (IO)
|GPIO14 (IO)
|A9
|B9
|GPIO21 (IO)
|GPIO45 (IO)
|PC4
|ETH_MII_RXD0 / ETH_RMII_RXD0 / OTG_HS_ULPI_STP / DCMI_D4
|-
|OTG_HS_ULPI_STP / DCMI_D1 / EVENTOUT
|PC0
|GPIO46 (IO)
|GPIO33 (IO)
|A10
|B10
|GPIO34 (IO)
|GPIO8 (IO)
|PC5
|ETH_MII_RXD1 / ETH_RMII_RXD1 / DCMI_D11
|-
|OSC32_OUT
|PC15
|GPIO28 (IO)
|GPIO35 (IO)
|A11
|B11
|GPIO36 (IO)
|GPIO29 (IO)
|PB0
|TIM1_CH2N / TIM3_CH3 / TIM8_CH2N / EVENTOUT / DCMI_D2
|-
|OSC32_IN
|PC14
|GPIO30 (IO)
|GPIO37 (IO)
|A12
|B12
|GPIO38 (IO)
|GPIO23 (IO)
|PB1
|TIM1_CH3N / TIM3_CH4 / TIM8_CH3N / DCMI_D3
|-
|
|PC13
|GPIO31 (IO)
|GPIO39 (IO)
|A13
|B13
|GPIO40 (IO)
|GPIO34 (IO)
|PB2
|
|-
|TIM1_BKIN / TIM1_ETR / DCMI_D7 / ETH_MII_TXD3
|PE6
|NC
|GPIO41 (IO)
|A14
|B14
|GPIO42 (IO)
|NC
|PE7
|TIM1_ETR / UART7_RX / FSMC_D4 / ETH_MII_RX_DV / ETH_RMII_CRS_DV
|-
|TIM9_CH1 / DCMI_D6 / FSMC_A21
|PE5
|NC
|GPIO45 (IO)
|A15
|B15
|GPIO48 (IO)
|NC
|PE8
|TIM1_CH1N / UART7_TX / FSMC_D5
|-
|TIM9_CH2 / DCMI_D4 / FSMC_A20 / ETH_MII_TXD2 / ETH_RMII_TXD1
|PE4
|NC
|GPIO6 (IO)
|A16
|B16
|GPIO4 (IO)
|NC
|PE9
|TIM1_CH1 / FSMC_D6 / DCMI_D0
|-
|TIM9_CH1 / FSMC_A19 / DCMI_D3 / ETH_MII_TX_CLK / ETH_RMII_REF_CLK
|PE3
|GPIO47 (IO)
|GPIO47 (IO)
|A17
|B17
|NC
|GPIO36 (IO)
|PE10
|TIM1_CH2N / FSMC_D7 / DCMI_D1
|-
|TIM1_CH3N / FSMC_A23 / DCMI_D2 / ETH_MII_TXD3 / ETH_RMII_TXD1
|PE2
|NC
|NC
|A18
|B18
|NC
|NC
|PE11
|TIM1_CH2 / FSMC_D8 / DCMI_D2
|-
|
|U1
|NC
|NC
|A19
|B19
|NC
|NC
|U2
|
|-
|TIM4_ETR / UART8_RX / DCMI_D2 / CAN2_RX / ETH_MII_RX_DV / ETH_RMII_CRS_DV
|PE0
|GPIO38 (IO)
|NC
|A20
|B20
|NC
|GPIO39 (IO)
|PE12
|TIM1_CH3N / FSMC_D9 / DCMI_D3
|-
|TIM4_CH1 / UART8_TX / DCMI_D3 / CAN2_TX / ETH_MII_TX_EN / ETH_RMII_TX_EN
|PE1
|GPIO41 (IO)
|NC
|A21
|B21
|NC
|GPIO40 (IO)
|PE13
|TIM1_CH3 / FSMC_D10 / DCMI_D4
|-
|TIM4_CH4 / I2C1_SDA / CAN1_TX / SDIO_D5 / DCMI_D7
|PB9
|GPIO15 (HW I2C1 SDA)
|GPIO2 (HW I2C0 SDA)
|A22
|B22
|GPIO18 (HW UART1 RX)
|GPIO20 (HW SDIO D3)
|PE14
|TIM1_CH4 / FSMC_D11 / DCMI_D5
|-
|TIM4_CH3 / I2C1_SCL / CAN1_RX / SDIO_D4 / ETH_MII_TXD3
|PB8
|GPIO14 (HW I2C1 SCL)
|GPIO1 (HW I2C0 SCL)
|A23
|B23
|GPIO17 (HW UART1 TX)
|NC
|PE15
|TIM1_BKIN / FSMC_D12 / DCMI_D6
|-
|TIM4_CH2 / I2C1_SDA / FSMC_NL
|PB7
|GPIO7 (HW I2C0 SCL)
|NC
|A24
|B24
|NC
|GPIO10 (HW SPI1 SCK)
|PB10
|TIM2_CH3 / SPI2_SCK / I2S2_CK / USART3_TX / I2C2_SCL
|-
|TIM4_CH1 / I2C1_SCL / CAN2_TX
|PB6
|NC
|NC
|A25
|B25
|NC
|NC (Fix: Cleaned Duplicate)
|PB11
|TIM2_CH4 / USART3_RX / I2C2_SDA / ETH_MII_TX_EN / ETH_RMII_TX_EN
|-
|TIM3_CH2 / SPI1_MOSI / I2S1_SD / CAN2_RX / ETH_MII_COL / OTG_HS_ULPI_D0
|PB5
|GPIO6 (IO)
|NC
|A26
|B26
|NC
|GPIO11 (IO)
|PB12
|TIM2_ETR / SPI2_NSS / I2S2_WS / USART3_CK / CAN2_RX / OTG_HS_ULPI_D1 / ETH_MII_TXD0
|-
|
|U3
|NC
|NC
|A27
|B27
|NC
|NC
|U4
|
|-
|TIM3_CH1 / SPI1_MISO / I2S3_ext_SD / JTRST
|PB4
|GPIO13 (IO)
|NC
|A28
|B28
|NC
|GPIO22 (IO)
|PB13
|SPI2_SCK / I2S2_CK / USART3_CTS / CAN2_TX / OTG_HS_ULPI_D2
|-
|TIM2_ETR / SPI1_SCK / I2S3_CK / SWO / JTD0
|PB3
|GPIO12 (IO)
|NC
|A29
|B29
|NC
|GPIO9 (HW SPI1 CS)
|PB14
|TIM12_CH1 / SPI2_MISO / I2S2_ext_SD / USART3_RTS / OTG_HS_ULPI_D3
|-
|USART2_RTS / FSMC_NWAIT
|PD7
|NC
|NC
|A30
|B30
|NC
|NC
|PB12
|
|-
|USART2_RX / FSMC_NWAIT / SDIO_D3 / EVENTOUT
|PD6
|NC
|NC
|A31
|B31
|NC
|GPIO32 (IO)
|PD8
|USART3_TX / FSMC_D13 / ETH_MII_RXD3
|-
|USART2_TX / FSMC_NWE
|PD5
|NC
|NC
|A32
|B32
|NC
|GPIO33 (IO)
|PD9
|USART3_RX / FSMC_D14 / DCMI_D10
|-
|USART2_RTS / FSMC_NOE
|PD4
|NC
|NC
|A33
|B33
|NC
|NC
|PD10
|USART3_CK / FSMC_D15 / DCMI_D11
|-
|USART2_CTS / FSMC_NADV / SDIO_CMD / DCMI_D5
|PD3
|NC
|NC
|A34
|B34
|NC
|NC
|PD11
|USART3_CTS / FSMC_A16
|-
|TIM3_ETR / UART5_RX / SDIO_CMD / DCMI_D6
|PD2
|GPIO17 (HW SDIO CMD)
|NC
|A35
|B35
|NC
|GPIO16 (HW SDIO CLK)
|PD12
|TIM4_CH1 / USART3_RTS / FSMC_A17
|-
|FSMC_D3 / CAN1_TX / ETH_MII_TXD0 / ETH_RMII_TXD0 / OTG_HS_ULPI_D3
|PD1
|GPIO19 (HW SDIO D0)
|NC
|A36
|B36
|NC
|GPIO18 (HW SDIO D1)
|PD13
|TIM4_CH2 / FSMC_A18 / ETH_MII_TXD1 / ETH_RMII_TXD1
|-
|FSMC_D2 / CAN1_RX / ETH_MII_RXD0 / ETH_RMII_RXD0 / OTG_HS_ULPI_D1
|PD0
|GPIO21 (HW SDIO D2)
|NC
|A37
|B37
|NC
|GPIO20 (HW SDIO D3)
|PD14
|TIM4_CH3 / FSMC_D0
|-
|
|U5
|NC
|NC
|A38
|B38
|NC
|NC
|U6
|
|-
|UART5_TX / SDIO_CK / DCMI_D9 / SPI3_MOSI / I2S3_SD
|PC12
|NC
|NC
|A39
|B39
|NC
|NC
|PD15
|TIM4_CH4 / FSMC_D1
|-
|UART4_RX / SDIO_D3 / DCMI_D4 / SPI3_MISO / I2S3_ext_SD
|PC11
|NC
|NC
|A40
|B40
|NC
|GPIO35 (IO)
|PC6
|TIM3_CH1 / USART6_TX / SDIO_D6 / ETH_MII_TXD3
|-
|UART4_TX / SDIO_D2 / DCMI_D8 / SPI3_SCK / I2S3_CK
|PC10
|NC
|NC
|A41
|B41
|NC
|GPIO37 (IO)
|PC7
|TIM3_CH2 / USART6_RX / SDIO_D7 / ETH_MII_RX_CLK / ETH_RMII_REF_CLK
|-
|TIM2_CH1 / ETR / SPI1_NSS / I2S3_WS / JTDI / DCMI_D3
|PA15
|GPIO3 (IO)
|NC
|A42
|B42
|NC
|NC
|PC8
|TIM3_CH3 / USART6_CK / SDIO_D5 / DCMI_D7
|-
|JTCK / SWCLK
|PA14
|NC
|NC
|A43
|B43
|NC
|NC
|PC9
|TIM3_CH4 / I2C3_SDA / SDIO_D6 / DCMI_D8
|-
|TIM1_CH4 / USART6_TX / CAN1_RX / OTG_FS_DM
|PA11
|NC
|GPIO19 (Native USB D-)
|A44
|B44
|GPIO20 (Native USB D+)
|GPIO2 (IO)
|PA8
|MCO1 / TIM1_CH1 / I2C3_SCL / USART1_CK
|-
|TIM1_ETR / USART6_RX / CAN1_TX / OTG_FS_DP
|PA12
|NC
|NC
|A45
|B45
|NC
|GPIO0 (IO)
|PA9
|TIM1_CH2 / I2C3_SMBA / USART1_TX / DCMI_D0
|-
|JTMS / SWDIO / OTG_FS_ID / ETH_MII_TXD3
|PA13
|NC
|NC
|A46
|B46
|NC
|GPIO1 (IO)
|PA10
|TIM1_CH3 / USART1_RX / OTG_FS_ID / DCMI_D1
|-
|
|3V3
|3V3
|3V3
|A47
|B47
|3V3
|3V3
|3V3
|
|-
|
|5V
|5V
|5V
|A48
|B48
|5V
|5V
|5V
|
|-
|
|GND
|GND
|GND
|A49
|B49
|GND
|GND
|GND
|
|}

Template:Streamline Pinout New

2026-06-06T09:45:13Z

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