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STM32F40x

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STM32 Hidden Flash

Lth — Wed, 05 Aug 2026 10:44:40 GMT

STM32L432Kx Flash Size

Lth — Wed, 05 Aug 2026 10:29:01 GMT

Lth moved page STM32L432Kx Flash Size to STM32 Hidden Flash

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[[Category:STM32]][[Category:Flash]][[Category:STM32 Hardware]][[Category:STM32 Documentation]][[Category:STM32 Development]]{{metadesc|STM32L432Kx Flash Size}}[[File:FidoKey rev. a - top view.jpg|thumb]]
The STM32L432Kx is available with two different flash sizes. The STM32L432KB has got 128 kB while the STM32L432KC has got 256 kB.
I recently created a USB "key" using the STM32L432. The reason for using this specific [[STM32]] [[MCU]] was twofold:

# It is small
# It's got a built-in 48 MHz oscillator precise enough to use USB without an external crystal

Unfortunately, while I wanted the 256 kB version, only the 128 kB version was available.

[[File:STM32L432 Part Numbering.png|600px]]

The [[STM32]] [[Blue Pill]] boards mostly use Chinese clone [[MCU]]s but there has been a lot of writing about the original ones having 128 kB of flash rather than the 64 kB specified by the datasheet. There is even a [https://mecrisp-stellaris-folkdoc.sourceforge.io/bluepill-diagnostics-v1.6.html test tool] available which can test for the hidden flash.

Inspired by this, I decided to test the STM32L432KB on my own board. As per the datasheet this processor is supposed to have 128 kB of flash ranging from 0x8000000 to 0x801FFFF.

== Testing ==
[[File:Flash Size Test Setup.jpg|thumb|300px|STM32L432 Test Setup]]

=== Checking device ===

<pre>
lth@ncpws04:~/tmp$ st-info --probe
Found 1 stlink programmers
version: V2J45S31
serial: 066CFF3933584B3043184346
flash: 131072 (pagesize: 2048)
sram: 49152
chipid: 0x435
dev-type: STM32L41x_L42x
</pre>

Notice that the device reports 128 kB of flash - as is expected.

=== Generating Test Data ===

First step is to create a 256 kB file with random data.

<pre>
lth@ncpws04:~/tmp$ dd if=/dev/urandom of=random.bin bs=1k count=256
256+0 records in
256+0 records out
262144 bytes (262 kB, 256 KiB) copied, 0.0012241 s, 214 MB/s
</pre>

=== Writing data to MCU ===

The random.bin file is of a size which should only be possible to flash on STM32L432KC.

First step is to flash normal:

<pre>
lth@ncpws04:~/tmp$ st-flash write random.bin 0x8000000
st-flash 1.8.0
2024-09-02T10:30:01 INFO common.c: STM32L41x_L42x: 48 KiB SRAM, 128 KiB flash in at least 2 KiB pages.
file random.bin md5 checksum: 5f7ebd5c822e7408e6279445eb1444a, stlink checksum: 0x01fe53dd
2024-09-02T10:30:01 INFO common_flash.c: Attempting to write 262144 (0x40000) bytes to stm32 address: 134217728 (0x8000000)
2024-09-02T10:30:01 ERROR common_flash.c: The size exceeds the size of the flash (0x00020000 bytes available)
stlink_fwrite_flash() == -1
</pre>

As expected this failed. The [[MCU]] reports 128 kB of flash and we attempt to write 256 kB. We can however instruct st-flash to ignore that and attempt to write the entire file:

<pre>
lth@ncpws04:~/tmp$ st-flash --flash=256k write random.bin 0x8000000
st-flash 1.8.0
2024-09-02T10:30:26 INFO common.c: STM32L41x_L42x: 48 KiB SRAM, 128 KiB flash in at least 2 KiB pages.
Forcing flash size: --flash=0x00040000
file random.bin md5 checksum: 5f7ebd5c822e7408e6279445eb1444a, stlink checksum: 0x01fe53dd
2024-09-02T10:30:26 INFO common_flash.c: Attempting to write 262144 (0x40000) bytes to stm32 address: 134217728 (0x8000000)
EraseFlash - Page:0x10 Size:0x800 -> Flash page at 0x8008000 erased (size: 0x800EraseFlash - Page:0x11 Size:0x800 -> Flash page at 0x8008800 erased (size: 0x800EraseFlash - Page:0x12 Size:0x800 -> Flash page at 0x8009000 erased (size: 0x800
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2024-09-02T10:30:29 INFO flash_loader.c: Starting Flash write for F2/F4/F7/L4
2024-09-02T10:30:29 INFO flash_loader.c: Successfully loaded flash loader in sram
2024-09-02T10:30:29 INFO flash_loader.c: Clear DFSR
2024-09-02T10:30:35 INFO common_flash.c: Starting verification of write complete
2024-09-02T10:30:37 INFO common_flash.c: Flash written and verified! jolly good!
</pre>

That went well - no errors reported. Now let's try to read that flash into a file:

=== Reading data from the MCU ===

To be absolutely certain, read the data back into a new file:

<pre>
lth@ncpws04:~/tmp$ st-flash --flash=256k read random2.bin 0x8000000 0x40000
st-flash 1.8.0
2024-09-02T10:31:51 INFO common.c: STM32L41x_L42x: 48 KiB SRAM, 128 KiB flash in at least 2 KiB pages.
Forcing flash size: --flash=0x00040000
2024-09-02T10:31:51 INFO common.c: read from address 0x08000000 size 262144
</pre>

No complaints!

=== Compare data ===

Finally we can verify that the data read from the MCU matches the data we wrote to the MCU:

<pre>
lth@ncpws04:~/tmp$ md5sum random*
5f7ebd5c822e07408e6279445eb1444a random2.bin
5f7ebd5c822e07408e6279445eb1444a random.bin
</pre>

They are identical, so it is absolutely confirmed that this particular STM32L432KB is in fact a STM32L432KC which identifies as a STM32L432KB.

== Miscellaneous Links ==

* [https://ipfs-pin.com/ipfs/QmcYpvigogWESmwTEFM5GYZc6st2SJRAoqwKWJ8ZDtgiXb/stm32l432kb.pdf STM32L432 Datasheet]
* [https://mecrisp-stellaris-folkdoc.sourceforge.io/bluepill-diagnostics-v1.6.html Bluepill Diagnostics Tool]

Diode

Lth — Wed, 05 Aug 2026 05:30:39 GMT

Gallery

File:Zener diode symbol-2.svg

Lth — Wed, 05 Aug 2026 05:30:12 GMT

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Electrical Power

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Diode

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Gallery

File:Zener diode symbol.svg

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Circuits

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Electrical Power

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Circuits

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Electrical Power

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Electric Power

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Lth moved page Electric Power to Electrical Power

Electric Power

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Created page with "Category:Electronics {{#ev:youtube|U293YOWHa2I}}"

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[[Category:Electronics]]

{{#ev:youtube|U293YOWHa2I}}

TM1638

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File:TM1629 EN.pdf

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Lth uploaded File:TM1629 EN.pdf TM1629 English datasheet

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== Summary ==
TM1629 English datasheet

TM1638 Display and Button Module

Lth — Mon, 03 Aug 2026 08:16:38 GMT

Created page with "{{Video |series=STM32 Tutorial Video |number=96 |title=TM1638 Display and Button Module |youtube-id=LOdNR7JfgiQ |description=In this video we will develop and describe a libra..."

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{{Video
|series=STM32 Tutorial Video
|number=96
|title=TM1638 Display and Button Module
|youtube-id=LOdNR7JfgiQ
|description=In this video we will develop and describe a library for the TM1638 display&button module. We will also explain how to interface a 5V module with a 3.3V STM32 and how Open Drain GPIO is actually functioning.
}}

STM32C071 Deep Dive

Lth — Mon, 03 Aug 2026 08:16:05 GMT

Undo revision 8003 by Lth (talk)

FreeRTOS on RP Pico

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Created page with "{{Video |series=RP Pico Video |number=12 |title=FreeRTOS on RP Pico |youtube-id=WGBsXnDsxvM |description=In this video we cover how to use FreeRTOS with RP2350. We also show..."

New page

{{Video
|series=RP Pico Video
|number=12
|title=FreeRTOS on RP Pico
|youtube-id=WGBsXnDsxvM
|description=In this video we cover how to use FreeRTOS with RP2350. We also show the benefit of overclocking (if needed).
}}

Diode

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Diodes

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Created page with "{{Video |series=Electronics Video |number=5 |title=Diodes |youtube-id=zQDHaaK0Dow |description=In this video we will cover Diodes - what are they, what do they do and where do..."

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{{Video
|series=Electronics Video
|number=5
|title=Diodes
|youtube-id=zQDHaaK0Dow
|description=In this video we will cover Diodes - what are they, what do they do and where do you use them.
}}

Diode

Lth — Wed, 29 Jul 2026 23:59:25 GMT

Miscellaneous links

STM32C0xx Series

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Colibri EEPROM Layout

Niclas — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 16:06:18 GMT

Vendor ID

STM32 Official Documentation

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File:Rm0490-stm32c0-series-advanced-armbased-32bit-mcus-stmicroelectronics.pdf

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STM32 Official Documentation

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File:Stm32c071kb.pdf

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STM32C0xx Series

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Video

STM32C071 Deep Dive

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Created page with "{{Video |series=STM32 Tutorial Video |number=95 |title=STM32C071 Deep Dive |youtube-id=typq-0unkTQ |description=This video dives deep into the STM32C0xx series of MCU's - in p..."

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{{Video
|series=STM32 Tutorial Video
|number=95
|title=STM32C071 Deep Dive
|youtube-id=typq-0unkTQ
|description=This video dives deep into the STM32C0xx series of MCU's - in particular the STM32C071, which is available on a Streamline MCU STM32C071.
}}

Diode

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File:Diode-closeup.jpg

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Diode

Lth — Sun, 26 Jul 2026 07:25:43 GMT

Miscellaneous links

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 File:LED_symbol.svg|LED symbol
 File:Schottky_diode_symbol.svg|Schottky diode symbol
-File:Zener_diode_symbol.svg|Zener diode symbol
+File:Zener_diode_symbol-2.svg|Zener diode symbol
 </gallery>

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:35, 5 August 2026
Line 19:		Line 19:

	{{#ev:youtube\|U293YOWHa2I\|1200}}		{{#ev:youtube\|U293YOWHa2I\|1200}}
		+
		+	== Miscellaneous links ==
		+
		+	* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt Wikipedia article on Watts]
		+	* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics) Wikipedia article on Power]

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 File:LED_symbol.svg|LED symbol
 File:Schottky_diode_symbol.svg|Schottky diode symbol
 </gallery>

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 </div>
-You can play with this circuit in [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html CircuitJS] by clicking [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html?ctz=CQAgjCAMB0l3BWcMBMcUHYMGZIA4UA2ATmIxAUgoqoQFMBaMMAKADcQAWOCsFLnpzCEoo7tSqToCFgCde-BHwVdhosPBYB3AVSEjuVbHk5RtukMdNL+VszpuWTK-fZWOPnU5HOGKXi0cfbAw9PFoAzmxFAOxRHx0-BEjo-29fcLT3AJ8AB0s0LlTovWIROMlkeE1EnjsSp3SdBvrCqP4EgtLywuSmrqyknJYAey4QQm8BUglYFCQqflNsFmNwEAAxCCoIDXgQJhAAJToAZwBLU4AXAEMAOwBjOlW8US3RBkLCw4A1EYAbW4Ac2eQA here]
+You can play with this circuit in [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html CircuitJS] by clicking [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html?ctz=CQAgjCAMB0l3BWcMBMcUHYMGZIA4UA2ATmIxAUgoqoQFMBaMMAKADcQAWOCsFLnpzCEoo7tSqToCFgCde-BHwVdhosPBYB3AVSEjuVbHk5RtukMdNL+VszpuWTK-fZWOPnU5HOGKXi0cfbAw9PFoAzmxFAOxRHx0-BEjo-29fcLT3AJ8AB0s0LlTovWIROMlkeE1EnjsSp3SdBvrCqP4EgtLywuSmrqyknJYADwocS2I8EEJCcm4IUxRTAFUAHQBnNYBHTYAlTZHNgElR8f4vCFnTLxuQZZAABU2dzfWNo43TgHsuGe8BKQJNAOvc-tgWMZwCAAGIQKgQDTwEBMEB7OgbACWGwALgBDAB2AGM6JDplQ4aIGIVCqiAGrfAA2+IA5qSgA here]
 In any circuit, there exists a fixed relationship between the voltage, the resistance and the current.  This is expressed by Ohm's Law, which states:

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:55, 5 August 2026
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 5:		Line 5:
	In [[DC]] circuits it is calculated with the following formula:		In [[DC]] circuits it is calculated with the following formula:

		+	<syntaxhighlight lang="C">
		+	P = U x I
		+	</syntaxhighlight>

		+	Where '''P''' is the power in '''Watts''', '''U''' is the voltage in '''Volts''' and '''I''' is the current in '''Ampere'''.

	== Perpetual motion ==		== Perpetual motion ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[Category:STM32]][[Category:Flash]][[Category:STM32 Hardware]][[Category:STM32 Documentation]][[Category:STM32 Development]]{{metadesc|STM32L432Kx Flash Size}}[[File:FidoKey rev. a - top view.jpg|thumb]]
+[[Category:STM32]][[Category:Flash]][[Category:STM32 Hardware]][[Category:STM32 Documentation]][[Category:STM32 Development]]{{metadesc|STM32 Real Flash Size}}
 The STM32L432Kx is available with two different flash sizes.  The STM32L432KB has got 128 kB while the STM32L432KC has got 256 kB.
 I recently created a USB "key" using the STM32L432.  The reason for using this specific [[STM32]] [[MCU]] was twofold:
@@ Line 14: / Line 21: @@
 Inspired by this, I decided to test the STM32L432KB on my own board.  As per the datasheet this processor is supposed to have 128 kB of flash ranging from 0x8000000 to 0x801FFFF.
-== Testing ==
+=== Testing ===
 [[File:Flash Size Test Setup.jpg|thumb|300px|STM32L432 Test Setup]]
@@ Line 140: / Line 147: @@
 They are identical, so it is absolutely confirmed that this particular STM32L432KB is in fact a STM32L432KC which identifies as a STM32L432KB.
 == Miscellaneous Links ==

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 In any circuit, there exists a fixed relationship between the voltage, the resistance and the current.  This is expressed by Ohm's Law, which states:
-<pre>
+<syntaxhighlight lang="C">
 U = R x I
-</pre>
+</syntaxhighlight>
 It is worth noticing that U is being used for a potential difference in most of mainland Europe, whereas the colonists prefer a V:

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:52, 5 August 2026
Line 2:		Line 2:

	[[Electrical Power]] is measured in '''Watts''' ('''W''').		[[Electrical Power]] is measured in '''Watts''' ('''W''').
		+
		+	In [[DC]] circuits it is calculated with the following formula:
		+
		+

	== Perpetual motion ==		== Perpetual motion ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:51, 5 August 2026
(5 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[Category:Electronics]]		[[Category:Electronics]]

−	{{#ev:youtube\|U293YOWHa2I}}	+	[[Electrical Power]] is measured in '''Watts''' ('''W''').
		+
		+	== Perpetual motion ==
		+
		+	Let's be clear about a few things:
		+
		+	# The '''only''' place perpetual motion is actually working is on Youtube.
		+	# The hardest part about designing a perpetual motion machine is hiding the battery
		+
		+	{{#ev:youtube\|U293YOWHa2I\|1200}}

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 TM1638 is an IC dedicated to LED (light emitting diode display) drive control and equipped with a keypad scan interface.
 {{clear}}
 == Open Drain ==
@@ Line 21: / Line 25: @@
 * [https://stm32world.com/images/e/ea/TM1638en.pdf TM1638 Datasheet]
 * [https://www.handsontec.com/dataspecs/display/TM1638.pdf TM1638 LED&Key Module]

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:16, 3 August 2026
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 == Video ==
-To be added
+{{#ev:youtube|zQDHaaK0Dow}}
 == Simulation ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:59, 29 July 2026
Line 31:		Line 31:

	* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode Wikipedia article]		* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode Wikipedia article]
−	* [https://www.lcsc.com/datasheet/C917030.pdf?spm=wm.fly.bg.2.pdf___wm.ssy.tc.0.tz&lcsc_vid=R1NZVwIHQ1FaBFUAT1ZaVFZXQgMKUwdVRFkNVgVeRQAxVlNeQlFbV1RUT1NdVTsOAxUeFF5JWBYZEEoKFBINSQcJGk4%3D Random ~~1N4142~~ Diode datasheet]	+	* [https://www.lcsc.com/datasheet/C917030.pdf?spm=wm.fly.bg.2.pdf___wm.ssy.tc.0.tz&lcsc_vid=R1NZVwIHQ1FaBFUAT1ZaVFZXQgMKUwdVRFkNVgVeRQAxVlNeQlFbV1RUT1NdVTsOAxUeFF5JWBYZEEoKFBINSQcJGk4%3D Random 1N4148 Diode datasheet]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Category:STM32]]
-Not long ago, [[ST]] introduce their new low cost series [[STM32C0xx Series|STM32C0xx]].
+Not long ago, [[ST]] introduce their new low cost series [[STM32C0xx Series|STM32C0xx]].  [[ST]] advertise the series as a [[MCU]] to replace traditional old fashioned 8-bit [[MCU]]s at a competitive price point.
 {{clear}}
 == Video ==
@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 * [https://jlcpcb.com/partdetail/STMicroelectronics-STM32C071C8T6/C45481773 STM32C071C8 on JLCPCB]
 * [https://jlcpcb.com/partdetail/STMicroelectronics-STM32F103C8T6/C8734 STM32F103C8 on JLCPCB]

@@ Line 235: / Line 235: @@
      | Colibri TRIAC1
      | https://currentmakers.com/products/colibri/colibri-triac1/
      |}
 |}

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:35, 27 July 2026
Line 9:		Line 9:

	* [https://stm32world.com/images/b/bc/Stm32c071kb.pdf STM32C071 Datasheet]		* [https://stm32world.com/images/b/bc/Stm32c071kb.pdf STM32C071 Datasheet]
		+	* [https://stm32world.com/images/f/fd/Rm0490-stm32c0-series-advanced-armbased-32bit-mcus-stmicroelectronics.pdf STM32C0 series Reference Manual]

	== STM32C5xx ==		== STM32C5xx ==

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 {{#ev:youtube|EZqwBuRpdns}}
 == STM32C5xx ==
 * [https://stm32world.com/images/6/67/Rm0522-stm32c5-series-armbased-32bit-mcus-stmicroelectronics.pdf STM32C5 Series Reference manual]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 == Video ==
-To be added
+{{#ev:youtube|typq-0unkTQ}}
 == Series overview ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Category:Electronics]]
-A diode can be seen as a one-way valve for electric current.
+[[File:Diode-closeup.jpg|thumb|300px|Random through-hole diode]]A diode can be seen as a one-way valve for electric current.
 The symbol of a diode is:

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Category:Electronics]]
 == Video ==
@@ Line 7: / Line 14: @@
 == Simulation ==
+<div class="res-img">
 [https://stm32world.com/circuitjs/circuitjs.html?ctz=CQAgjCAMB0l3BWcMBMcUHYMGZIA4UA2ATmIxAUgoqoQFMBaMMAKADcRsEUQAWYwp258wgqlV60o0mAhYATPgJGD+q5T3l0AZgEMArgBsALiwDuQnr1GXOeXlHNLB2e85WOLa99+55P7n62QZBOXDxB4e6hAE52Dq4OvIQJblSioRZRifG5mXwpud45oaI8hPgeFf7emjoGJgyGdIoQ4lCwrAD2IOUOEpCk1DCQSFQ8PNgsPcQghQNDKNBjsEgQPLNTQA Simulation]
@@ Line 21: / Line 30: @@
 == Miscellaneous links ==
-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode Wikipedia article]
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode Wikipedia article]